Definition and Examples of Binomials in Algebra

A polynomial equation with two terms usually joined by a plus or minus sign is called a binomial. Binomials are used in algebra. Polynomials  with one term will be called a monomial and could look like 7x. A polynomial with two terms is called a binomial; it could look like 3x 9. It is easy to remember binomials as bi means 2 and a binomial will have 2 terms. A classic example is the following:  3x 4 is a binomial and is also a polynomial,  Ã‚  2a(ab) 2  is also a binomial (a and b are the binomial factors). The above are both binomials. When multiplying binomials, youll come across a term called the FOIL method which is often just the method used to multiply binomials.   For instance,  to find the product of 2 binomials, youll add the products of the First  terms, the Outer terms, the Inner terms, and the Last terms. When youre asked to square a binomial, it simply means to multiply it by itself. The square of a binomial will be a trinomial. The product of two binomials will be a trinomial. Example of Multiplying Binomials (5 4x) x (3 2x)(5 4x)(3 2x) (5)(3) (5)(2x) (4x)(3) (4x)(2i) 15 10x 12x 8(x)2 15 22x 8(-1) 15 22x - 8 (15 - 8) 22x 7 22x Once you begin taking  algebra in school, youll be doing a great many computations that require binomials and polynomials.

Medicine And Health Care Are Two Of The Many Things We

Medicine and health care are two of the many things we as Americans have the privilege to take for granted. However, America was not always the gold standard of medicine and surgery as it is today. Many widely accepted and professional techniques that were used in the 1800 s would be considered barbaric, medieval, and would almost certainly be illegal in the modern day. Obviously, one must begin a study of American history at its beginning. Because wars always show the most grotesque of disfigurements, I will naturally begin at the American revolution. The medicine practices of the period in America were essentially a mirror of the practices employed in Europe. As with many things, Great Britain was the primary role model for†¦show more content†¦Often in the morning the dead were found with the living.† On the other hand, the New York Hospital was said by Dr. Jones to be a very spacious hospital. A ward designed for eight patients was stated to be â€Å"twenty-four b y thirty-six feet, and eighteen feet high†. America s hospitals were relatively new, compared to other countries hospitals, such as the Hotel-Dieu de Paris, which was built originally in 651.3 A public-service hospital was originally proposed by Samuel Bard in 1742. In the closing statement of his discourse, he states the general goal of a public hospital; â€Å"Such a one I hope e er long to see rise up amongst us, and may the Blessing of the Poor, and the Applause of the Good and Humane, be the Reward of his Assiduity and Labour.†4 This sums up quite well the intent of early hospitals, that is in treating the sick and the infirm, as opposed to providing emergency trauma care. But as fate would have it, a war would soon be waged, and the hospitals would become archaic, as doctors were not well educated on how to perform effective and safe surgery. 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Violence against Women Free Essays

string(71) " jobs and settle but to help them restore their sense of life control\." Introduction The United Nations defines violence against women as any gender based violence that leads to or is likely to result in sexual harm, mental harm or any other kind of suffering to women. This includes threats, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty either in private or public life (The UN Declaration on Violence Against Women 1992). Bardwell (2010) describes violence against women as the most pervasive violation of human rights in the world. We will write a custom essay sample on Violence against Women or any similar topic only for you Order Now Violence against women bears significant costs for the society, individuals, public services and the economy as a whole. The prevalence of violence against women and girls in England is more than that of diabetes, stroke and heart diseases (Adams 2010).). The figures published by the Office for National Statistics from 2012 to 2013 estimated that approximately 1.2 million women suffered from domestic abuse and other 330,000 were sexually assaulted. Sexual violence and domestic violence are in most cases hidden because the victims choose to suffer in silence or are afraid to come out and report (Riecher-Ro?ssler Garci?a-Moreno 2013).). Violence against women and girls is recognised globally as a violation of fundamental human rights that include the right to non-discrimination based on sex, right to not be treated inhumanly and degradingly, right to respect for private and family life and right to life (Bird Westley 2011). The 1995 Beijing Platform for Action to which the United Kingdom is committed, states that violence against women is one of the major hindrances to the achievement of gender equality. Although the United Kingdom. The United Nations Committee and the European Court of Human Rights on the elimination of discrimination against women recognises violence against women as a form of discrimination. The United Kingdom has an obligation to exercise due diligence to prevent violence against women under the European Convention on Human Rights. Under the Beijing Platform and the Convention, the country has an obligation to change stereotypes, cultures and attitudes that perpetuate gender inequality. In the UK the new public sector equality duty under the Equality Act of 2010 requires all public bodies to consider equality, discrimination and good relations between groups in the way they formulate policy, employ people, buy goods and services and deliver services. This means that all the public bodies have an obligation to prevent violence against women. Violence against women voluntary sector The voluntary sector provides important services to support and protect the victims of violence against women. The organisations in the voluntary sector working to end the violence directed towards women in the United Kingdom challenge the system that allows for violence and abuse to continue in the country and at the same time celebrate the women who have survived such violent. The voluntary sector mostly pursues proactive prevention measures that can be categorised into three major groups depending on the target population (Stark Buzawa 2009). The first group consists of the general measures directed at certain population groups or the whole population. For instance some of the voluntary groups use study courses in preventing violence against women for students and media campaigns targeting specific groups of children. The second category comprises of targeted measures directed at specific high risk groups for instance educating the armed forces on the importance of respecting the rights of women and all other human beings. The last category consists of the measures directed at the individuals who have already been subjected to violence before with an intention of preventing them from committing the violence again. For example they provide rehabilitation programs for the perpetrators of violence to educate them on the importance of respecting the rights of women and human rights in general. Educational institutions and schools have been supportive of the voluntary sector as they allow them to access the students and educate them on the adverse effects of violence against women. In addition to that, these institutions also pay special attention to violent behaviour as far as the welfare of the students is concerned. The voluntary sector organises awareness campaigns targeting women to inform them that men are responsible for all their acts of violence and that such violence is illegal and as such should be reported and punished. Such initiatives are aimed at encouraging more women to come out and report the violence that they suffer privately at home in order to protect them from repeated assaults which can end up costing their lives in the long run. The campaigns also encourage the men to examine and challenge any cultural orientations that perpetuate violence against women. The programs directed at the young people have particularly been rewarding as it has reduced vio lence in learning institutions although there is still need to do more (Hughes Owen 2009). The voluntary organisations often target providing education to the young people to correct the system. Most of these organisations believe that it is the system to blame for the high rates of violence against women because the society is not sufficiently educated on the need for respecting the basic human rights thus leading to the violation of the rights of women through battery and sexual violence (Harne Radford 2008). As such they direct a lot of their effort in educating the young people at an age where the identity of their gender is just starting to take shape and can easily be influenced. For example the 16-20 age groups are often persuaded to stay in love and respect their partners in order to reduce violent behaviour in partnerships. The emphasis is that if they really love their partners then they should always strive to make them happy and not engage in any acts that would harm t hem. Such programs are often conducted in different communities including youth associations, schools and sports clubs. In terms of protecting the immigrant community, the voluntary organisations often pursue comprehensive integration as the best strategy for preventing them against violence. The aim of comprehensive integration is not just to help them find jobs and settle but to help them restore their sense of life control. You read "Violence against Women" in category "Essay examples" One way of helping the immigrants achieve this is by giving them information, support and guidance in the early stages of integration. The voluntary organisations often do this with respect to their cultural backgrounds in order to ensure that they do not perceive the process as one designed to force them abandon their cultures. The intervention programs targeting the immigrant groups are normally well constructed in order to consider their cultural backgrounds as well as the different challenges that come with the process of immigration and integration. Some of the immigrants coming into the country are from countri es with patriarchal and hierarchic social structures where the right of women with regard to equality is something that has never existed both in theory and practice. For instance the girls who come to the country from cultures that do not proscribe violence against women often live under several restrictions (DeKeseredy 2011). Such restrictions make the integration process very difficult let alone access to information on physical and sexual violence. In these groups some parents at times prohibit their daughters from using the internet, engaging in leisure activities, meeting boys or doing any other things that their peers are doing and they may also wish to participate in. The voluntary organisations often dissuade the immigrant communities with such cultures from sending their girls to other countries in order to defend their sexual reputation. Although the gendered phenomenon is inculcated deep into their culture, these organisations target the parents from this group with an aim of informing them on the dangers they expose their daughters to by forcing them to move to the other countries. Incidences of forced or early marriages are also common among these people and this increases the risk of the women and girls being exposed to violence because they do not have free will since all decisions are made for them by other people. In order to stop such behaviour and protect the women and the young girls, the voluntary organisations often offer low threshold services and activities as well as peer support groups to inform the population on the availability of such services so that they know where to turn to whenever they need any kind of assistance. Marri age is a voluntary union under the UK legislation and all the marriage procedures are supposed to protect the freedom of choice of all the individuals involved. The voluntary organisations often give the immigrants information regarding gender equality, consequences of domestic violence and rape, and where to report such incidences whenever they are perpetrated. Peer groups are one effective channel that the voluntary organisations utilise in passing information regarding aspects like welfare, wellbeing, life control and prevention of violence against women. These groups are efficient in that the members are in most cases free to discuss their personal challenges with their colleagues making it easy for the voluntary organisations to offer help and assistance to the victims of violence against women. To the victims of violence, the voluntary organisations normally offer them support as well as therapy to help them recover from the trauma caused by the violence. The support is normally offered jointly with other health services in selected environments to help the victims recover in the shortest time possible and resume their normal life activities (Thiara et al 2012). In addition to this, the voluntary organisations also help the victims to make use of the legal system by reporting the offenders to the authorities so they can face the law and pay for the consequences of their unlawful actions. For instance they offer financial assistance to the women who are unable to raise the legal fees, file for divorce, social security, and negotiate for child custody among other things. Owing to the fact that child custody and visiting arrangements exposes the victims to the risk of further violence in the form of blackmail, threats or direct violence the voluntary organisations normally hel p the women with security arrangements like insisting that whenever such visits are made it should never be in private. The voluntary organisations have managed to achieve this level of success because they devised strategies of reaching out to the women and men differently. Once they identified that the issue lies with the system, they embarked on educating the young people on the importance of respecting human rights and upholding high moral values. To the women who are currently at the risk of being exposed to violence, the voluntary organisations have made measures to encourage them to come out and report so that they can be assisted. They inform the women that the men should take responsibility for their actions and as such they should come out and report any incidences of violence early before they escalate to the level of interfering with the quality of their lives (Lombard McMillan 2013). The men are encouraged to resort to other measures of conflict resolution without resorting to violence because violence is itself a problem and does not provide a solution to anything. This shows that diffe rent categories require different intervention mechanisms but all these efforts are aimed at achieving the major objective which is to protect women against gender based violence. The response of the voluntary sector to the issue at hand is directed by both proactive and reactive approaches. These strategies are important as they are useful in helping the voluntary organisations achieve their objectives in the short and long run. The proactive approaches are used on the young populations with an objective of educating them on the need to uphold high moral values and respect human rights (Hughes Owen 2009). They are encouraged to solve their differences in relationships amicably without resorting to violence because violence only leads to more problems. The reactive approach on the other hand is intended to help both the perpetrators and victims of gender violence. The victims are encouraged to report the perpetrators to the authorities, seek counselling and get out of the abusive marriages. The perpetrators are also offered counselling and educative services to ensure that they do not repeat the crimes again. The response of the voluntary sector differs slightly from those of the statutory agencies because the latter mostly pursues the reactive approach while the former pursues both (True 2012). The statutory agencies help the victims by offering different services like healthcare, counselling, encouraging the victims to report, and helping the victims with the legal procedures among others. Their emphasis is twofold, one is to help the victims and the other one is to deter the behaviour. The sectors response presents a holistic approach as it aims to provide both short term and long term solutions. There is no evidence that the measures taken to control violence against women are working because the number of violence victims is still high in the country as already indicated in the country. There is also a possibility that the figures provided are still an underestimation given that many women still fear coming out to report that they are in abusive relationships (DeKeseredy 2011). External factors particularly funding has affected the response of the voluntary sector because they have limited resources at their disposal. The devolution of funding for the voluntary sector from the central government to the local authorities has resulted into many inconsistencies in levels and types of funding. For example many local authorities in the country have stopped giving the grant aid and now prefer commissioning of services through tendering and other contract funding. This has led to instability within the voluntary sector and loss of essential services (True 2012). A perfect example is refuge accommodation where the authorities have resorted to support few large organisations providing services to communities that they do not have any previous connections or knowledge at the expense of strengthening the smaller local organisations that are well placed to cater for the needs of the local people. In other cases the housing associations and other providers are taking ov er the specialist services offered for the victims leading to loss of expertise and independence of the voluntary sector (Thiara et al 2012). With the limited funds the voluntary sector cannot do much and as such they should focus their energy and resources on services not offered by the statutory bodies. There is need for them to focus on the key areas that they can achieve maximum returns with the limited funds while exploring other means of raising more money to support their activities. Summary and the key issues The prevalence of violence against women is still high in the United Kingdom despite all the efforts made by the government to reduce the problem. The voluntary organisations present a good avenue of mitigating the problem although they face many challenges that hamper the effective execution of their services. These challenges range from inadequate financing to additional roles like caring for men too have destabilised the organisations. The national government should therefore help these voluntary organisations with adequate funds and support to help them reduce violence against women in the United Kingdom. References Adams, R. (2010). The short guide to social work. Bristol: Policy. Bardwell, A. (2010). Domestic violence (DV) as violence against women: A human rights issue. A study of the UK government’s human rights violations against South Asian women victims of DV. University of Essex Bird, F. B., Westley, F. (2011). Voices from the voluntary sector: Perspectives on leadership challenges. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. DeKeseredy, W. S. (2011). Violence against women: Myths, facts, controversies. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. Harne, L., Radford, J. (2008). Tackling domestic violence: Theories, policies and practice. Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill/Open University Press. Hughes, L., Owen, H. (2009). Good practice in safeguarding children: Working effectively in child protection. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. Lombard, N., McMillan, L. (2013). Violence against women: Current theory and practice in domestic abuse, sexual violence and exploitation. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. Riecher-Ro?ssler, A., Garci?a-Moreno, C. (2013). Violence against women and mental health. Basel: Karger. Stark, E., Buzawa, E. S. (2009). Violence against women in families and relationships. Santa Barbara, Calif: Praeger/ABC-CLIO. Thiara, R. K., Hauge, G., Bashall, R., Ellis, B., Mullender, A., Harwin, N. (2012). Disabled women and domestic violence: Responding to the experiences of survivors. London: Jessica Kingsley. True, J. (2012). The political economy of violence against women. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. How to cite Violence against Women, Essay examples

David hume 2 Essay Example For Students

David hume 2 Essay David Hume attempted to study human nature by using the laws of physical science.He also set out to find an absolute truth by using scientific reasoning. In his search for an absolute truth he discovered an immense difference among opposing opinions on nearly every subject confronted by man. Each of these opinions has an equal truth-value and there is really no way of justifying any one over the other because the truth is different for each individual. The sequence of events that each person has experienced throughout their life depicts how they will interpret things and because no two people experience the same exact events throughout their life no two people will interpret the same things from what they perceive from their senses.When it comes to things like this that are matters of fact, there will never be a case where everyone is in agreement. Their will always be disagreements over the validity of everything because the truth is only how different people comprehend the things they perceive through their senses. Therefore using any type of scientific method was useless in proving certainty of human nature because there would always be enough evidence to prove the opposing view as being the truth. However the truth can be proved when referring to the relations of ideas. When dealing with things like (2+2=4), there is no openness to interpretation and no exceptions. 2+2 must always = 4 because it is based on scientific factual information and there is clearly no argument against it. Hume boldly states that impressions and ideas make up the total content of the mind. His definition of impressions is what each person perceives from the physical world through their senses. And according to this theory ideas are merely copies of these impressions within the mind. He justifies this by saying that when we imagine something that we have never actually seen before our minds are actually transposing impressions that we have formerly perceived and rearranging them in a new way. For example, we can clearly imaging things that dont exist like a unicorn. This could lead us to believe our minds have created a new image which is contrary to what Hume says is possible. But actually this unicorn is made up if images that we have already seen before and our mind is just combining the image of a horn with that of a horse. Thus the human mind is incapable of creating anything completely original. It only has the ability to rearrange pieces of what has already been imprinted in us through our senses. This seams extremely constrictive upon our imagination and it left me with a feeling of confinement to our perceptions. If this is all we are capable of than all we really are is as Hume says A Bundle of perceptions. But the more I tried to disprove this theory the more I found myself believing it. At first I tried to think of something totally original, but how is anyone to know for sure that this new thought isnt simply an obscure combination of images retrieved from former impressions originating from the senses. To determine the originality of my thought I broke it down into its components only to find that they were all composed if things which I had seen before. For example the colors of this supposedly original thought were clearly colors which I had seen before. So then I tried to think of a totally new color, one which no one had ever seen before. I closed my eyes and tried to imagine this new color, hundreds of colors I had seen before filled my thoughts but the best I could do to think up a new one was to mix the ones that I had already seen. And this was exactly like the unicorn example. I thought that perhaps using the word color to trigger the search was limiting my ability to see anything other than what I have previously labeled as a color. So I began focusing on forms, for example God. .u0fbc62182e542d640831bcd6e0cb0941 , .u0fbc62182e542d640831bcd6e0cb0941 .postImageUrl , .u0fbc62182e542d640831bcd6e0cb0941 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0fbc62182e542d640831bcd6e0cb0941 , .u0fbc62182e542d640831bcd6e0cb0941:hover , .u0fbc62182e542d640831bcd6e0cb0941:visited , .u0fbc62182e542d640831bcd6e0cb0941:active { border:0!important; } .u0fbc62182e542d640831bcd6e0cb0941 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0fbc62182e542d640831bcd6e0cb0941 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0fbc62182e542d640831bcd6e0cb0941:active , .u0fbc62182e542d640831bcd6e0cb0941:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0fbc62182e542d640831bcd6e0cb0941 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0fbc62182e542d640831bcd6e0cb0941 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0fbc62182e542d640831bcd6e0cb0941 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0fbc62182e542d640831bcd6e0cb0941 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0fbc62182e542d640831bcd6e0cb0941:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0fbc62182e542d640831bcd6e0cb0941 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0fbc62182e542d640831bcd6e0cb0941 .u0fbc62182e542d640831bcd6e0cb0941-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0fbc62182e542d640831bcd6e0cb0941:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Interpersonal Communication Essay Because I had never seen God before I was hoping for a color, which I had never seen before. But an unmistakable deep dark shad of red immerged from somewhere within my memory. I tried it again with beauty concentrating this time on this idea that I have never used my senses to know what beauty is but again all I found was a familiar shade of purple. Finding this impossible I concluded that Hume was correct and our thinking cannot extend beyond our immediate experiences. Even though I can not disprove him on the ability to create something from nothing I still feel like there has to be more to us than interpretations of perceptions. I am not totally disregarding my former beliefs as an apostasy, but I am beginning to doubt the boundless capacity of the human mind. If people are nothing more than a bundle of perceptions than how would anyone explain emotions.You dont need to use any of your senses to experience things such as love. I have never seen, heard, felt, tasted, or smelled love but there is no denying its existence. If Plato is right and our senses deceive us. If the physical world were an illusion than everything we perceive from it would be a falsity. And if all we are is what we perceive than our existence is based on an illusion and nothing is real perhaps including our existence. Hume says that we have no impressions of ourselves because our mind is always filled with impressions from this physical world, such as pain, heat, or pleasure. It is memory that gives the impression of our continuous identity. The thought of only consisting of impressions, ideas, and memories of them made me feel even more insignificant and at first I was in disagreement. I can not disprove this notion just like I cant disprove his idea that the human mind is incapable of creating anything. This is grounds for me to doubt my former belief but at the same time I dont believe Humes belief on the subject either but I am willing to accept the possibility he could be right.

David hume 2 Essay Example For Students

David hume 2 Essay David Hume attempted to study human nature by using the laws of physical science.He also set out to find an absolute truth by using scientific reasoning. In his search for an absolute truth he discovered an immense difference among opposing opinions on nearly every subject confronted by man. Each of these opinions has an equal truth-value and there is really no way of justifying any one over the other because the truth is different for each individual. The sequence of events that each person has experienced throughout their life depicts how they will interpret things and because no two people experience the same exact events throughout their life no two people will interpret the same things from what they perceive from their senses.When it comes to things like this that are matters of fact, there will never be a case where everyone is in agreement. Their will always be disagreements over the validity of everything because the truth is only how different people comprehend the things they perceive through their senses. Therefore using any type of scientific method was useless in proving certainty of human nature because there would always be enough evidence to prove the opposing view as being the truth. However the truth can be proved when referring to the relations of ideas. When dealing with things like (2+2=4), there is no openness to interpretation and no exceptions. 2+2 must always = 4 because it is based on scientific factual information and there is clearly no argument against it. Hume boldly states that impressions and ideas make up the total content of the mind. His definition of impressions is what each person perceives from the physical world through their senses. And according to this theory ideas are merely copies of these impressions within the mind. He justifies this by saying that when we imagine something that we have never actually seen before our minds are actually transposing impressions that we have formerly perceived and rearranging them in a new way. For example, we can clearly imaging things that dont exist like a unicorn. This could lead us to believe our minds have created a new image which is contrary to what Hume says is possible. But actually this unicorn is made up if images that we have already seen before and our mind is just combining the image of a horn with that of a horse. Thus the human mind is incapable of creating anything completely original. It only has the ability to rearrange pieces of what has already been imprinted in us through our senses. This seams extremely constrictive upon our imagination and it left me with a feeling of confinement to our perceptions. If this is all we are capable of than all we really are is as Hume says A Bundle of perceptions. But the more I tried to disprove this theory the more I found myself believing it. At first I tried to think of something totally original, but how is anyone to know for sure that this new thought isnt simply an obscure combination of images retrieved from former impressions originating from the senses. To determine the originality of my thought I broke it down into its components only to find that they were all composed if things which I had seen before. For example the colors of this supposedly original thought were clearly colors which I had seen before. So then I tried to think of a totally new color, one which no one had ever seen before. I closed my eyes and tried to imagine this new color, hundreds of colors I had seen before filled my thoughts but the best I could do to think up a new one was to mix the ones that I had already seen. And this was exactly like the unicorn example. I thought that perhaps using the word color to trigger the search was limiting my ability to see anything other than what I have previously labeled as a color. So I began focusing on forms, for example God. .u0fbc62182e542d640831bcd6e0cb0941 , .u0fbc62182e542d640831bcd6e0cb0941 .postImageUrl , .u0fbc62182e542d640831bcd6e0cb0941 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0fbc62182e542d640831bcd6e0cb0941 , .u0fbc62182e542d640831bcd6e0cb0941:hover , .u0fbc62182e542d640831bcd6e0cb0941:visited , .u0fbc62182e542d640831bcd6e0cb0941:active { border:0!important; } .u0fbc62182e542d640831bcd6e0cb0941 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0fbc62182e542d640831bcd6e0cb0941 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0fbc62182e542d640831bcd6e0cb0941:active , .u0fbc62182e542d640831bcd6e0cb0941:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0fbc62182e542d640831bcd6e0cb0941 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0fbc62182e542d640831bcd6e0cb0941 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0fbc62182e542d640831bcd6e0cb0941 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0fbc62182e542d640831bcd6e0cb0941 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0fbc62182e542d640831bcd6e0cb0941:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0fbc62182e542d640831bcd6e0cb0941 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0fbc62182e542d640831bcd6e0cb0941 .u0fbc62182e542d640831bcd6e0cb0941-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0fbc62182e542d640831bcd6e0cb0941:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Interpersonal Communication Essay Because I had never seen God before I was hoping for a color, which I had never seen before. But an unmistakable deep dark shad of red immerged from somewhere within my memory. I tried it again with beauty concentrating this time on this idea that I have never used my senses to know what beauty is but again all I found was a familiar shade of purple. Finding this impossible I concluded that Hume was correct and our thinking cannot extend beyond our immediate experiences. Even though I can not disprove him on the ability to create something from nothing I still feel like there has to be more to us than interpretations of perceptions. I am not totally disregarding my former beliefs as an apostasy, but I am beginning to doubt the boundless capacity of the human mind. If people are nothing more than a bundle of perceptions than how would anyone explain emotions.You dont need to use any of your senses to experience things such as love. I have never seen, heard, felt, tasted, or smelled love but there is no denying its existence. If Plato is right and our senses deceive us. If the physical world were an illusion than everything we perceive from it would be a falsity. And if all we are is what we perceive than our existence is based on an illusion and nothing is real perhaps including our existence. Hume says that we have no impressions of ourselves because our mind is always filled with impressions from this physical world, such as pain, heat, or pleasure. It is memory that gives the impression of our continuous identity. The thought of only consisting of impressions, ideas, and memories of them made me feel even more insignificant and at first I was in disagreement. I can not disprove this notion just like I cant disprove his idea that the human mind is incapable of creating anything. This is grounds for me to doubt my former belief but at the same time I dont believe Humes belief on the subject either but I am willing to accept the possibility he could be right.

David hume 2 Essay Example For Students

David hume 2 Essay David Hume attempted to study human nature by using the laws of physical science.He also set out to find an absolute truth by using scientific reasoning. In his search for an absolute truth he discovered an immense difference among opposing opinions on nearly every subject confronted by man. Each of these opinions has an equal truth-value and there is really no way of justifying any one over the other because the truth is different for each individual. The sequence of events that each person has experienced throughout their life depicts how they will interpret things and because no two people experience the same exact events throughout their life no two people will interpret the same things from what they perceive from their senses.When it comes to things like this that are matters of fact, there will never be a case where everyone is in agreement. Their will always be disagreements over the validity of everything because the truth is only how different people comprehend the things they perceive through their senses. Therefore using any type of scientific method was useless in proving certainty of human nature because there would always be enough evidence to prove the opposing view as being the truth. However the truth can be proved when referring to the relations of ideas. When dealing with things like (2+2=4), there is no openness to interpretation and no exceptions. 2+2 must always = 4 because it is based on scientific factual information and there is clearly no argument against it. Hume boldly states that impressions and ideas make up the total content of the mind. His definition of impressions is what each person perceives from the physical world through their senses. And according to this theory ideas are merely copies of these impressions within the mind. He justifies this by saying that when we imagine something that we have never actually seen before our minds are actually transposing impressions that we have formerly perceived and rearranging them in a new way. For example, we can clearly imaging things that dont exist like a unicorn. This could lead us to believe our minds have created a new image which is contrary to what Hume says is possible. But actually this unicorn is made up if images that we have already seen before and our mind is just combining the image of a horn with that of a horse. Thus the human mind is incapable of creating anything completely original. It only has the ability to rearrange pieces of what has already been imprinted in us through our senses. This seams extremely constrictive upon our imagination and it left me with a feeling of confinement to our perceptions. If this is all we are capable of than all we really are is as Hume says A Bundle of perceptions. But the more I tried to disprove this theory the more I found myself believing it. At first I tried to think of something totally original, but how is anyone to know for sure that this new thought isnt simply an obscure combination of images retrieved from former impressions originating from the senses. To determine the originality of my thought I broke it down into its components only to find that they were all composed if things which I had seen before. For example the colors of this supposedly original thought were clearly colors which I had seen before. So then I tried to think of a totally new color, one which no one had ever seen before. I closed my eyes and tried to imagine this new color, hundreds of colors I had seen before filled my thoughts but the best I could do to think up a new one was to mix the ones that I had already seen. And this was exactly like the unicorn example. I thought that perhaps using the word color to trigger the search was limiting my ability to see anything other than what I have previously labeled as a color. So I began focusing on forms, for example God. .u0fbc62182e542d640831bcd6e0cb0941 , .u0fbc62182e542d640831bcd6e0cb0941 .postImageUrl , .u0fbc62182e542d640831bcd6e0cb0941 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0fbc62182e542d640831bcd6e0cb0941 , .u0fbc62182e542d640831bcd6e0cb0941:hover , .u0fbc62182e542d640831bcd6e0cb0941:visited , .u0fbc62182e542d640831bcd6e0cb0941:active { border:0!important; } .u0fbc62182e542d640831bcd6e0cb0941 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0fbc62182e542d640831bcd6e0cb0941 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0fbc62182e542d640831bcd6e0cb0941:active , .u0fbc62182e542d640831bcd6e0cb0941:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0fbc62182e542d640831bcd6e0cb0941 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0fbc62182e542d640831bcd6e0cb0941 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0fbc62182e542d640831bcd6e0cb0941 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0fbc62182e542d640831bcd6e0cb0941 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0fbc62182e542d640831bcd6e0cb0941:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0fbc62182e542d640831bcd6e0cb0941 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0fbc62182e542d640831bcd6e0cb0941 .u0fbc62182e542d640831bcd6e0cb0941-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0fbc62182e542d640831bcd6e0cb0941:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Interpersonal Communication Essay Because I had never seen God before I was hoping for a color, which I had never seen before. But an unmistakable deep dark shad of red immerged from somewhere within my memory. I tried it again with beauty concentrating this time on this idea that I have never used my senses to know what beauty is but again all I found was a familiar shade of purple. Finding this impossible I concluded that Hume was correct and our thinking cannot extend beyond our immediate experiences. Even though I can not disprove him on the ability to create something from nothing I still feel like there has to be more to us than interpretations of perceptions. I am not totally disregarding my former beliefs as an apostasy, but I am beginning to doubt the boundless capacity of the human mind. If people are nothing more than a bundle of perceptions than how would anyone explain emotions.You dont need to use any of your senses to experience things such as love. I have never seen, heard, felt, tasted, or smelled love but there is no denying its existence. If Plato is right and our senses deceive us. If the physical world were an illusion than everything we perceive from it would be a falsity. And if all we are is what we perceive than our existence is based on an illusion and nothing is real perhaps including our existence. Hume says that we have no impressions of ourselves because our mind is always filled with impressions from this physical world, such as pain, heat, or pleasure. It is memory that gives the impression of our continuous identity. The thought of only consisting of impressions, ideas, and memories of them made me feel even more insignificant and at first I was in disagreement. I can not disprove this notion just like I cant disprove his idea that the human mind is incapable of creating anything. This is grounds for me to doubt my former belief but at the same time I dont believe Humes belief on the subject either but I am willing to accept the possibility he could be right.

David hume 2 Essay Example For Students

David hume 2 Essay David Hume attempted to study human nature by using the laws of physical science.He also set out to find an absolute truth by using scientific reasoning. In his search for an absolute truth he discovered an immense difference among opposing opinions on nearly every subject confronted by man. Each of these opinions has an equal truth-value and there is really no way of justifying any one over the other because the truth is different for each individual. The sequence of events that each person has experienced throughout their life depicts how they will interpret things and because no two people experience the same exact events throughout their life no two people will interpret the same things from what they perceive from their senses.When it comes to things like this that are matters of fact, there will never be a case where everyone is in agreement. Their will always be disagreements over the validity of everything because the truth is only how different people comprehend the things they perceive through their senses. Therefore using any type of scientific method was useless in proving certainty of human nature because there would always be enough evidence to prove the opposing view as being the truth. However the truth can be proved when referring to the relations of ideas. When dealing with things like (2+2=4), there is no openness to interpretation and no exceptions. 2+2 must always = 4 because it is based on scientific factual information and there is clearly no argument against it. Hume boldly states that impressions and ideas make up the total content of the mind. His definition of impressions is what each person perceives from the physical world through their senses. And according to this theory ideas are merely copies of these impressions within the mind. He justifies this by saying that when we imagine something that we have never actually seen before our minds are actually transposing impressions that we have formerly perceived and rearranging them in a new way. For example, we can clearly imaging things that dont exist like a unicorn. This could lead us to believe our minds have created a new image which is contrary to what Hume says is possible. But actually this unicorn is made up if images that we have already seen before and our mind is just combining the image of a horn with that of a horse. Thus the human mind is incapable of creating anything completely original. It only has the ability to rearrange pieces of what has already been imprinted in us through our senses. This seams extremely constrictive upon our imagination and it left me with a feeling of confinement to our perceptions. If this is all we are capable of than all we really are is as Hume says A Bundle of perceptions. But the more I tried to disprove this theory the more I found myself believing it. At first I tried to think of something totally original, but how is anyone to know for sure that this new thought isnt simply an obscure combination of images retrieved from former impressions originating from the senses. To determine the originality of my thought I broke it down into its components only to find that they were all composed if things which I had seen before. For example the colors of this supposedly original thought were clearly colors which I had seen before. So then I tried to think of a totally new color, one which no one had ever seen before. I closed my eyes and tried to imagine this new color, hundreds of colors I had seen before filled my thoughts but the best I could do to think up a new one was to mix the ones that I had already seen. And this was exactly like the unicorn example. I thought that perhaps using the word color to trigger the search was limiting my ability to see anything other than what I have previously labeled as a color. So I began focusing on forms, for example God. .u0fbc62182e542d640831bcd6e0cb0941 , .u0fbc62182e542d640831bcd6e0cb0941 .postImageUrl , .u0fbc62182e542d640831bcd6e0cb0941 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0fbc62182e542d640831bcd6e0cb0941 , .u0fbc62182e542d640831bcd6e0cb0941:hover , .u0fbc62182e542d640831bcd6e0cb0941:visited , .u0fbc62182e542d640831bcd6e0cb0941:active { border:0!important; } .u0fbc62182e542d640831bcd6e0cb0941 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0fbc62182e542d640831bcd6e0cb0941 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0fbc62182e542d640831bcd6e0cb0941:active , .u0fbc62182e542d640831bcd6e0cb0941:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0fbc62182e542d640831bcd6e0cb0941 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0fbc62182e542d640831bcd6e0cb0941 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0fbc62182e542d640831bcd6e0cb0941 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0fbc62182e542d640831bcd6e0cb0941 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0fbc62182e542d640831bcd6e0cb0941:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0fbc62182e542d640831bcd6e0cb0941 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0fbc62182e542d640831bcd6e0cb0941 .u0fbc62182e542d640831bcd6e0cb0941-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0fbc62182e542d640831bcd6e0cb0941:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Interpersonal Communication Essay Because I had never seen God before I was hoping for a color, which I had never seen before. But an unmistakable deep dark shad of red immerged from somewhere within my memory. I tried it again with beauty concentrating this time on this idea that I have never used my senses to know what beauty is but again all I found was a familiar shade of purple. Finding this impossible I concluded that Hume was correct and our thinking cannot extend beyond our immediate experiences. Even though I can not disprove him on the ability to create something from nothing I still feel like there has to be more to us than interpretations of perceptions. I am not totally disregarding my former beliefs as an apostasy, but I am beginning to doubt the boundless capacity of the human mind. If people are nothing more than a bundle of perceptions than how would anyone explain emotions.You dont need to use any of your senses to experience things such as love. I have never seen, heard, felt, tasted, or smelled love but there is no denying its existence. If Plato is right and our senses deceive us. If the physical world were an illusion than everything we perceive from it would be a falsity. And if all we are is what we perceive than our existence is based on an illusion and nothing is real perhaps including our existence. Hume says that we have no impressions of ourselves because our mind is always filled with impressions from this physical world, such as pain, heat, or pleasure. It is memory that gives the impression of our continuous identity. The thought of only consisting of impressions, ideas, and memories of them made me feel even more insignificant and at first I was in disagreement. I can not disprove this notion just like I cant disprove his idea that the human mind is incapable of creating anything. This is grounds for me to doubt my former belief but at the same time I dont believe Humes belief on the subject either but I am willing to accept the possibility he could be right.

The Characterization Of Arthur Dimmesdale Essay Research free essay sample

The Characterization Of Arthur Dimmesdale Essay, Research Paper Rev. Arthur Dimmesdale is one of the major characters in the narrative The Scarlet Letter. In this narrative Arthur Dimmesdale plays the portion of the towns reverend. He has a high place in society and is viewed as one of the good and polite sort of cat by the society. This adult male has a kind of dark side ; he has a small secret that no 1 knows except for the chief character, Hester Prynne. This small secret that he has kept hidden from the Townspeople all this clip ; are in fact that he had commited adultery by holding an matter with Hester Prynnee. From maintaining this secret hidden all this clip, Arthur Dimmesdale has undergone Some type of psylogical harm. Through this psylogical harm he besides undergoes physical harm. This physical harm is a cicatrix of an Angstrom on his thorax. You may be inquiring why an Angstrom. We will write a custom essay sample on The Characterization Of Arthur Dimmesdale Essay Research or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Well, as you may remember, when Hester Prynne was commited as an adultress they made her have on the missive A on the chest country of her vesture. So, Arthur Dimmesdale must hold felt so bad that he didn t confess to being the mand that Hester Prynne had an matter with, that his psylogical province of head produced the A on his thorax. You may frequently happen Mr. Dimmesdale with his manus over his thorax. This may be because of the A on his thorax, who knows? Or maybe it is because his psyche has been injured and he feels hurting from this. Some good has come from this matter. Due to this matter, they have produced a Beautiful small miss named Pearl. On the other manus, the bad that has happened was that Dimmesdale didn T confess about the matter, which made him kind of a prevaricator. Since he didn t confess, Hester and Pearl have to populate in privacy. Another bad thing that has happened is vengence by the chilling hubby of Hester Prynne, Dr. Roger Chillingworth. Dr. Chillingworth seeks retaliation on the adult male, who has had an matter with his married woman, Hester Prynne. When Dr. Chillingworth finds out about Rev. Dimmesdale and Hester, he tries to make full the clergyman s head with dejecting ideas of what he has done and by making this tries to destruct the clergyman s psyche. So in decision, Arthur Dimmesdale is a adult male with minor jobs. He is a good adult male who in his bosom asks the Godhead for the forgivness that he deserves. In the terminal he has found felicity with Hester and Pearl.

McLaren Group of Companies The WritePass Journal

McLaren Group of Companies Executive Summary McLaren Group of Companies and is estimated to value at  £40 million. The production of the MP4-12 C sports car is due to reach a grand 4000 by 2015 (McLaren, 2011). As the company has diversified into various markets, there were various obstacles and strategies that the company had to conquer and implement. This report will focus upon the strategy the McLaren group implemented in order to enter the mass car market, define the level of diversification that the McLaren group implements, and discuss the McLaren Group’s approach to diversification compared to the historical perspective discussed by Guld and Luchs (1993). Market Entry Barriers in Mass Car Market: There are several market entry barriers in the mass car market as competition is high and there are many highly renowned firms competing for market share. However, as the McLaren Group has attempted to penetrate the car manufacturing market, they had to conquer many obstacles and market entry barriers. The McLaren Group was already rather popular in related market segments to car manufacturing such as the production of the Formula One racing car and McLaren Racing team. Thus, the company had relevant market experience as well as a market reputation to enable the company to gain consumer confidence. This was one of the methods in which the company was able to conquer the market entry barriers prevalent in the mass car market (Melvin, 2006). However, the fact also remains that the McLaren Group is manufacturing cars catering to a niche market segment and are not focusing on catering to the mass market. McLaren Group has produced a highly expensive premium vehicle which is not for ordinary use but is used by racers, collectors, and/or the elite class who are interested in buying a premium vehicle. Thus, the target market that McLaren Group is focusing upon is not interested in options such as Ford, General Motors, Honda, Toyota, or other alternatives. Hence, these brands are not substitutes for the vehicles made by the McLaren group. The McLaren Group is more focused upon producing street cars and competing with brands such as Lamborghini, Ferrari, and others. The McLaren Group’s main point of focus is performance and quality and thus they are able to charge a premium price (Melvin, 2006). Accordingly, the McLaren group is catering to a niche market segment instead of catering to the mass market. Thus, they are better able to deal with the pressure from competitors and attract a certain segment of customers towards their cars. This significantly reduces the level of competition that the McLaren Group has to deal with (Melvin, 2006). Level of Diversification: The McLaren Group has a number of businesses in various market segments which have all been mentioned above. Some of the businesses are operating as subsidiaries of the main company while others are completely separate companies. However, when analyzing the level of diversification that the McLaren group incorporates into its portfolio mix, there are a number of considerations that must be made. First of all, it is important to note that previously large companies with many unrelated businesses were a source of high scrutiny in the past. Such businesses were highly criticized for being anti-competitive as they would expand into many areas of expertise and aim to force other competitors out of business. However, in recent times, such firms are accused of being uncompetitive as they do not add value across all of their businesses and are operating at a loss. Hence, in current times it is generally considered that diversified companies are not necessarily successful but may be highly unsuccessful if a high level of diversification is employed in the business (Goold Luchs, 1993). When considering the McLaren Group, it is evident that the company does have a portfolio mix which is diversified into various market segments such as electronics, technology, racing, catering, and car manufacturing. However, it is not completely evident that the McLaren Group has over- diversified into completely unrelated businesses and is not adding value to their business (Goold Luchs, 1993). The description of the subsidiary businesses mentions that businesses such as McLaren Applied Technologies, McLaren Electronics, and McLaren Marketing are all catering to the core business of McLaren Racing. While these businesses also apply their expertise in catering to the core business of McLaren Group, they have additional clients in the industry to which they cater to. Thus, they are benefitting their own business and gaining revenue from catering to other clients as well (Guuld Luchs, 1993). However, the McLaren Group is also diversified in a few markets such as in the catering market with their subsidiary Absolute Taste. While this business caters to the private catering needs of celebrities and serves food on private jets, this business is rather unrelated to the other subsidiaries of the McLaren Group which all cater to the electronic and technological needs of McLaren Racing. Hence, while all of the other subsidiaries of the group are related to cars and solutions related to the cars that the McLaren Group focuses upon, the business of Absolute Taste is not related to cars and is catering to a completely different area of business (Johnson et al, 2011). Accordingly, the level of diversification of the McLaren Group is complex as they are not completely catering to unrelated market segments but have some businesses which are not as closely linked or inter-linked with one another. The McLaren Group is regarded as a â€Å"small conglomerate† as a â€Å"conglomerate† refers to a company that operates in many unrelated businesses. Hence, it can be said that the McLaren Group does incorporate a medium level of diversification in their product portfolio (Johnson et al, 2007). Upon closer inspection, it can be concluded that the McLaren Group has opted to â€Å"stick to the knitting† as they have not diversified widely but have stuck to businesses they know best and where their expertise lies. However, the McLaren Gtoup does operate in different markets and requires different areas of expertise in its various businesses such as marketing, technical expertise, electronic expertise, and others. The expertise required in most of its businesses is related to cars although there are various types of skills required in each business. Nevertheless, most of the businesses in McLaren’s Group can be said to have stuck to the knitting and are not highly diversified as all are catering to the particular needs of cars. All of these businesses are interlinked except for Absolute Taste which is diverse from the other businesses of the McLaren Group (Johnson et al, 2011). It can also be said that the businesses of McLaren Group provide synergy with one another as they are all interrelated and provide skills and benefits to one another.   McLaren Electronics works on finding electrical solutions to McLaren Racing, while McLaren Marketing seeks to perform the marketing and promotion activities of McLaren Racing. Hence, all of the businesses add value to one another and provide a combination of skills and benefits to one another. While this is a difficult model to implement, the McLaren Group seems to be implementing it quite effectively as the subsidiary companies perform tasks for the core company and also for other clients. Moreover, in this manner, the company is focusing upon its core competencies and strengthening them by horizontally integrating with other related businesses in order to strengthen and provide for the core business (Johnson et al, 2007). Hence, in conclusion, McLaren Group’s level of diversification can be labeled as medium as they are diversified into business which are mainly related to cars and provide synergy with one another. Their separate business which is not directly linked with their core business is Absolute Taste which is a catering company. McLaren’s Approach to Diversification: Previously, large diverse firms were regarded as â€Å"conglomerates† and it was considered that these firms were up to† no good†Ã‚   as they branched out into different markets and sought to drive out competition by catering to several different market needs themselves. Such firms were considered to be too big for their own good and were not seen as socially responsible or healthy firms as they were anti-competitive. They were termed as anti-competitive because they did not give other businesses a chance to compete with them and monopolized the market themselves. As monopolies are not considered healthy for consumers, such firms were previously perceived negatively (Karlsen, 2011). However, the contemporary perspective towards such firms is completely the opposite of the historical perspective as these firms are regarded as being up to â€Å"no good† because they are not adding value to themselves or to their other businesses. Hence, such firms are now regarded as uncompetitive (Karlsen, 2011). Accordingly, McLaren Group’s strategy toward diversification is in line with the historical perspective of diversification as the diversification strategy seems to be anti-competitive. The group seeks economies of scale and other benefits by providing all additional services in line with their core business themselves. Hence, they do not seem to be allowing other businesses to provide services for them and seem to be attempting to cover all aspects regarding their car-related business themselves. They provide technical applications, marketing solutions, and electrical solutions for their racing team and the cars they produce. Hence, while catering to other clients as well, they use their own company to perform the tasks related to the car-related business (Karlsen, 2011). Conclusion: From the analysis conducted, it is evident that the McLaren Group is not as diverse as some other companies are but is operating in a synergized environment which has many interlinked businesses providing benefits to one another. Hence, the McLaren Group can be termed as a â€Å"small conglomerate† and is operating according to the historical perspective of diversification. References Goold, M. And Luchs, K. (1993) ‘Why diversify? Four decades of management thinking.† Academy of Management Executive. Vol. 7:3, pp.7-25 Johnson, G., Scholes, K. and Whittington, R. (2011). Fundamentals of Strategy. Prentice Hall Karlsen, O. (2011) â€Å"Racing Towards Sustainability: Formula One and Corporate Social Responsibility†. Norwegian University of Science and Technology. Student Thesis. McLaren (2011) McLaren Official Website. [online] Accessed on: March 16, 2013 Available at: mclaren.com/ Melvin, J. (2006) McLaren Technology Centre. Architectural Design. Vol. 76:1 pp.110-113

Fraud And Cyber Terrorism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Fraud And Cyber Terrorism - Research Paper Example Fraud prevention includes acts such as scheming corporate fraud policies, introducing internal audit departments, implementing internal controls and whistle-blower systems. The strategic method of fraud is an efficient technique to detect and illustrate both known and unidentified frauds. When implemented proactively to identify unknown fraud, it depicts laser-like precision that allows for much more efficient investigation. (Sanjay Goel. 2010). Cyber terrorism threat Cyber terrorism is the act of illegally accessing computers and information chiefly via the internet to create physical harm or severe disturbance of infrastructure. Cyber terrorism could scholarly be defined as â€Å"The premeditated use of disruptive activities, or the threat thereof, against computers and/or networks, with the intention to cause harm or further social, ideological, religious, political or similar objectives or to intimidate any person in furtherance of such objectives.† Efforts of dealing with cyber terrorism Agencies that deal with fraud such as Interpol and the FBI are doing a great job in fighting against cyber terrorism. Interpol in its part is assisting all the member countries and training their personnel to equip themselves with the current trends and forms of fighting cyber terrorism. The Council of Europe Convention on Cyber Crime, which is the first international treaty for fighting against computer crime, is the product of a 4 years work by experts from the 45 member and non-member states that include Japan, USA and Canada. The treaty has already imposed after its endorsement by Lithuania on 21st of March 2004. (Achkoski, J., & Dojchinovski, M. 2011) How to try to avoid cyber terrorism With the ever changing trends in the cyber technology sector, there are no foolproof methods to protect a system. To say that you have a completely secure system, then it means that it can never be accessed by anyone. Even in most military set up, top secret information is kept on servers with no outside connection as a form of deterrence of cyber terrorism. Another common way that cyber terrorism can be avoided apart from such isolation is encryption. The wide spread use of encryption is repressed by most states ban on its exportation thus its intercontinental communication is left somewhat unsecured. (Kapodistria, H., & Christos D. 2011) Other internet users tend to encourage the use of firewalls to screen all communications to a system including e-mail messages, which may carry â€Å"logic bombs.† Firewall is a somewhat generic phrase for methods of filtering admittance to a network. Firewalls tend to define the services and access that is allowed to each user. Judicial repercussions on cyber threats   Since the Internet "is a cooperative venture not owned by a single entity or government, there are no centralized rules or laws governing its use?† The lack of geographical restrictions may give rise to a state of affairs where an act that may be deemed legal in one country turns out to be illegal in the other. (Jewkes, Y., & Yar, M. 2010). In general, most internet users tend to relate to the following "theories" under which a country may assert regulatory jurisdiction: (a) A country may assert jurisdiction based on "objective territoriality" when an illegal activity occurs within the country. (b) A country may assert jurisdiction based on the nationality of the wrong doer. (c) A country may assert jurisdiction based on the right to defend the nation's sovereignty when faced with terrorization acknowledged as serious in the international community. Conclusion The predicament of cyber terrorism and fraud is involves many

Establishing a Business in New Jersey and the business regulation Assignment

Establishing a Business in New Jersey and the business regulation measures - Assignment Example This New Jersey authority is very essential and resourceful to upcoming and new ventures. It helps entrepreneurs to improve their businesses by providing opportunities for educational programs and workshops, financing, and real estate development services. A statewide, not-for-profit corporation on economic development called the Union County Economic Development Corp (UCEDC) formed a partnership with the NJEDA to serve better the small businesses and ventures that are minority and women-owned. This partnership gave rise to the formation of the Entrepreneurial training Initiative (ETI). The ETI offers web-based tools on self-assessment, financial business planning resources, budgeting workshops and business-plan services to provide avenues for an entrepreneur to start off the venture.The high increase in the Hispanic population in the New Jersey impelled the NJEDA to initiate a Spanish-language website. The Hispanic population has a strong entrepreneurial capability which is growing exponentially. The entrepreneurial immigrants access the consultation services that are provided by the Association for Enterprise Opportunity, which facilitates and fosters the growth of small enterprise.The New Jersey state has high cost of living and this has reflected the business arena in terms of starting up capital and regulation requirement fees. Mistakes regarding the several elections, stock ownership, consent, notification, and filing requirements can result in the termination of business status.

Sebastiao salgado genesi exbition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sebastiao salgado genesi exbition - Essay Example To begin with, I would like to note that I was impressed by the black and white photographs that were presented in the exhibition. Just like other critics, I am strongly convinced that monochrome pictures allow our imagination attribute colours which makes them even more picturesque. Looking at those photographs, I imagined how interesting it was to actually be in those places and experience of the beauties of our planet first hand. To put it short, I was deeply moved by the message that was conveyed by the photographs: we should protect our Earth since it holds so many treasures. I would also like to dwell on recognition of the talent of the person in question. Some people might suggest that photography should not be regarded as a genuine art. Contrary to them, it is my strong belief that this is one of the most prominent modern arts that is able to capture one particular aspect of the world and present it in a rather moving way. It would not be a mistake to suggest that the photographs by Salgado altered in some way the objective description of the world. However, it is this lack of objectivity that urges people to take a look at the global issues from a new perspective. Genesis is logical continuation of work of this arts: prior to it he made similar projects about workers and migrants ("Sebastià £o Salgado. GENESIS"). In other words, one might suggest that Salgado is particularly interested in presenting the broad picture of the issue to the public. In addition to that, the artist wants to grasp the natural state of things in order to how had fragile they might be ("Sebastià £o Salgado: Genesis"). Every picture in the exhibition suggests that it is quite easy to lose the world as we know it. As one can easily understand, Sebastià £o Salgado is one of those individuals how was blessed by a broader outlook and a particular talent which makes him a great

The influence of modern technology on Society

The influence of modern technology on Society 1. Introduction While technology is often described as the most important influence upon society (ref), it remains a subject which deserves further study. This situation is generally accepted, with politicians, sociologists, industrialists and educationalists alike recognising that technology lies at the very heart of society (Chandler, 1996). The critical role that technology plays in the development of society, stimulating not only the economy but society’s socio-cultural values, rather than being merely a tool of society, however, is referred to as ‘technological determinism’ (Underwood, 2009). It is this aspect of how technology drives modern society that this essay addresses. Social progress has come to be equated with technical progress, particularly since the Industrial Revolution (Beniger, 1989). This progress has not always been acknowledged at the time it was occurring; indeed, as Beniger further notes, ‘human society seems rather to evolve largely through changes so gradual as to be all but imperceptible, at least compared to the generational cycles of the individuals through whose lives they unfold’ (1989, p. 2). Perhaps because of this ‘historical myopia’, the value of the change may not be evaluated until the changes has already passed (Beniger, 1989, p. 2). Critics such as Henry David Thoreau, for instance, suggested that improvements in society’s technical means are no guarantee of improved ends, and that they may instead lead to a mechanistic and fatalistic outlook, positing that we do not ride upon the railroad; it rides upon us (1845, p. 308). Thus, technology itself becomes an overriding preoccupation, for it never stops still. Technological advancement seems important at the time to different ages in different societies, psychologically if not practically; in a variety of modern societies, for example, young people presently feel a heightened empathy with the digital age (Bennett and Maton, 2010). However, not all sectors of the community will be directly involved with, share an understanding, or even see the relevance, of the latest technological inventions. Nevertheless, as de Tocqueville (1990, p. xxii) noted in 1840, ‘this social revolution, which I believe to be irresistible†¦ is already accomplished or about to be so’, and thus recognition of it is recognition of the past as much as the present. The current revolution in technology, known variously as the ‘Information Age’ or ‘Age of Technology’, similarly is unrelenting: the older person who is reluctant to use a computer has a life shaped by others’ use of computers and may even accept a basic mobile telephone, once considered a glamourous accessory (Coeckelbergh, 2012). As globalisation becomes an increasingly significant factor in countries’ economic success, technological competence is becoming an essential tool for surviving and thriving not only in society, but in its constituent parts, such as employment, education, agriculture, and industry. 2. Advantages and disadvantages of modern technological progress The younger generation today, like many previous generations, seeks to change the world and make it a better and more comfortable place in which to live (Griswold, 2012). They want to be contributors to peace, economic reforms, the improvement of public services and many other aspects of the society. For them, the best way to contribute to these changes is through modern technology. (Weiser and Brown, 1997). This does not necessarily mean that youth wants to make a huge change on the view of the world where they grew up, or that they just want to split away from the norms of society. Instead, they believe that the advances in communication, through technological means, will facilitate social change as no previous generation has had the opportunity to learn so much, so authentically, from one another (Griswold, 2012). The ability for real-time conversations, forums, information exchange, visualisation of other cultures, and greater social equality across the world has developed more in the last 20-25 years than at any other time in history. This has allowed commentary on situations as they develop, rather than purely through the perspective of written media. For example, the role of social media during the ‘Arab Spring’, not only through Twitter but Facebook and other social media platforms, provided contextualisation for the media reports at a time when media bias is increasingly critically examined (Khondker, 2011). Thus, this generation is able to confirm journalists’ interpretation of an event, even in film, with those who are participating on both sides of the event, as well as casual observers. This is unique in history. The degree to which unfettered access to opinion, counter-opinion, reportage, and propaganda will truly reshape the world is yet to be determined. The Habermasian interpretation of the development of the public sphere holds some analogies, as the democratisation of critical analysis unfolded in fin-de-sià ¨cle Viennese coffee houses (Habermas, 1989). According to di Maggio et al. (2001) extensive social effects, both optimistic and pessimistic, have been claimed for many communications technologies before our current computer-based age of information technology. The so-called I.T. revolution (which tends to be presented as the ‘final’ communications revolution) can be seen as having been preceded by the ‘writing revolution’ and ‘the print revolution’, and only the latest phase of an ‘electronics revolution’ which began with telegraphy and telephony. Winston (1998) criticises technological determinism and instead develops his theory of cultural determinism. In this theory, Winston considers not how technology shapes society, but rather that the evolution of technology, which is not static, is mediated and manipulated by society. Thus, as a result of these manoeuvres, the ‘radical potential’ of a specific technology is stifled; society therefore only accepts that which it believes itself to be in a position to accept (Winston, 1998). Systems and machines like computers, mobile phones and operating systems, which just involve one click on the computer, replace the things which used to takes hours or even days. Almost every home has a computer and telephone, and individuals within those homes often each have a mobile phone (Bennett and Maton, 2010). For some people, the application of technology is the only technique for them to develop patience, as even the tedious business of waiting can be ameliorated by keeping busy with a mobile phone, especially for youth. One of the most important advantages of modern technology is globalisation, which has allowed the world to feel ‘closer’, and permitted the worlds economy to become a single, interdependent system (Barrell and Fic, 2014). This means that people can not only share information quickly and efficiently, but can also bring down barriers of linguistic and geographic boundaries. Zhong (2007) observes that, in todays stock markets, financial infrastructure, global news organisations, powerful militaries, strong governments and big corporations, instantaneous communication is an asset society cannot afford to lose. The internet allows interconnection and promotes globalisation and information sharing. The reduction in the cost of instantaneous communication over the last 20 years have considerably expanded its potential, by making it accessible to developing as well as developed economies. However, modern technology does not bring advantages but some disadvantages as well. The similarity of lifestyles, whereby communication channels homogeneity, can have deleterious effects (Griswold, 2012). Before the rise of film, television, and the internet, people had different cultures and traditions that were reflected in the way they wear clothes or design buildings. Now, in a form of creeping conformity, people tend to build the same models of house and wear the same fashions. The new, modern technology is excellent in many ways, but its philosophical, physiological, and psychological effects remain unknown in a period when technological interaction and live communication through computer use, internet chat, mobile phones, and SMS texts are part of the everyday life of -teenagers and the youth of today. This not only includes issues such as the debate on whether mobile telephones increase the likelihood of brain tumours, but the behavioural responses of children to ‘instant’ gratification, or whether mobile phone addiction will become a significant disability (di Maggio et al., 2001). These are issues which remain unresolved; their resolution will not be immediate. 3. The vision of teenagers in this day and age With the growth of technologies as the internet and computers, teenagers and young people are becoming more dislocated from society (Griswold, 2012). Isolation is one form of this problem. The Japanese phenomenon of hikikomori, whereby young people (commonly, males, and more increasingly, adults) sequester themselves, using only technology to keep in touch with society, is believed to affect almost two million people worldwide (Longo, 2010). Social interaction results in levels of stress and distress to the degree that individuals cannot cope, and seek refuge instead in an environment which they feel is fully within their control. Additionally, education is being transformed by technology. Stimulating students is not a matter of making a great speech or a dominant lesson anymore; educators need to be brought down to a teenagers level of understanding (Weiser and Brown, 1997). The need and wishes of modern youth are very different from those of their parents, as can be seen in hikikomori (Longo, 2010). The most inspiring tool for teens and their lifestyle is the internet, mobile technologies, and computers (Griswold, 2012. Teenagers and young people also have changed in comparison with teens in the past, taking into account eating habits, an active way of life, spending free time, and the importance of music and fashion. The affordability of many of these factors has changed considerably since, for example, the post-war generation (Bennett and Maton, 2010). The most important change, however, is that they are a technology generation. For teens in todays world, mobile phones, internet, music, movies, television and video games are very important. Most teenagers prefer watching television and playing computer games to reading books. They dislike reading because watching television or playing online role-playing games is easier and they do not have to use their own imagination (Davies and Eynon, 2013). Computer games have the capacity to provide teaching opportunities but they are also harmful to health (Longo, 2010). Teenagers prefer to spend free time in front of a computer rather than to walk, play football, go to a swimming pool, or just simply meet a friend in the park and have a chat. The long term effects of these changes are not likely to be evident for at least three more generations. According to di Maggio et al. (2001), the internet expands daily and reaches more and more people globally. As a society, improvements in literacy may rise due to the growth of the internet. The young generation cannot imagine their day’s homework without the support of the one of most important modern technological developments, the internet. The internet is very useful and an important tool for studies, as there they are able to see the latest reports and articles, find and practise exercises which are relevant to their studies, as well as submit assignments and other work. Further, a teenagers social life becomes inextricably linked to social networking, especially through live chat and Facebook. They would rather say that this is the easiest way to communicate with each other, as well as learning new things and having fun (Davies and Eynon, 2013). Many things can be done through the internet. Young people can download music and other files and play online games with their real or virtual friends. In this way, therefore, the internet influences the teen view to the world and its future. It also gives them an opportunity to interact with other teens and discuss relevant issues. One important aspect of teens using internet is their freedom to post criticism of government leaders. Youths have limited abilities to communicate meaningfully with government as they cannot vote; the internet permits them to give their beliefs about what is wrong and what is right from their point of view, (Davies and Eynon, 2013). On social websites youths can have relations and communication with their friends or just someone who is far away from their homes and around the world, chatting on the worldwide web, emailing or just playing games. This has been extended considerably with the advent of smart phones (Bennett and Maton, 2010). Using the internet teenagers can go shopping with their friends using the same website, use microphones or cameras to film themselves, nearly in the same way as they would go out together for real shopping. Thus, the public sphere – through recreational chat as well as more complex interactions – is extended in the manner akin to that described by Habermas (1989). Nevertheless, this change to ‘life online’ means that, inevitably, many real world problems manifest themselves in the internet, and then have a further real world consequence. This can be seen in the phenomenon of cyber bullying. Cyber bullying targets the sexuality, physical attractiveness and friendships of children and teenagers (Davies and Eynon, 2013). Victims do not know what to do or where to turn. Cyber bullies harass victims anonymously. The psychological damage is horrific because the victims own peers have turned on them and there is nowhere for them to go, with teenage suicides and attempted suicides reported in the past (Griswold, 2013). A ‘dis-connect’ from human reactions could contribute to cyber bullying. People learn to communicate mostly through text messages or online, and do not learn important aspects of human interaction, such as noticing and accepting non-verbal signals (Griswold, 2013). Without these signals and characteristics it is easy to be misunderstood and for the victim to be dehumanised (di Maggio et al., 2001). This is also true of online dating (Winston, 1998). People are normally aware of what someone is saying or not saying, through gesticulations and voice tones. Without these cues, it is difficult to appreciate how the other person is feeling and whether there is truly a connection. Youth can start to feel as if who they are is not recognised, that they are reviled or that nobody wants them, when for example the text message or email was simply not received. Young people have created and developed a communication culture that incorporates many special features, such as a rise in the use of text-based communication channels (Davies and Eynon, 2013). Teenagers intersecting and selective use of communication channels has been shaped by multimedia communication (Weiser and Brown, 1997). Thus, their public sphere utilises a wider range of platforms than previously; nevertheless, it is still merely an extension of the public sphere, just as television and newspapers were (Habermas, 1989). Regardless of their form, the media landscapes created by teenagers serve to articulate their personal space, as well as enabling their presentation of self and defining their relationships to others). This can be seen in young peoples relationship to the mobile phone and other forms of interactive technology, which is consistent with their general consumption styles. An addictive use of the phone has been related to trendy and impulsive consumption styles prevalent among females (Davies and Eynon, 2013). Technology enthusiasm and trend-consciousness was linked to impulsive consumption and hard values more prevalent among males (di Maggio et al., 2001). In contrast, a frugal mobile phone use was not related to gender but to environmentalism and thrifty consumption in general. The traditional gender division in mobile phone use styles that could be observed is interesting in the light of conjectures that genders are becoming more alike in their use of new technology. The increasing trend towards ‘instant gratification’ that has been fed by high rates of credit over the last 30 years is exacerbated by an impatience facilitated by devices such as smart phones (Griswold, 2012). The net result of several of several generations for whom this is true has not yet been realised. 4. Conclusion Technology is one of a number of mediating factors in human behaviour and social change, which both acts on and is acted upon by other phenomena. Being critical of technological determinism is not to discount the importance of the fact that the technical features of different communication technologies facilitate different kinds of use, though the potential applications of technologies are not necessarily realised. Enthusiasm for technological progress typically involves technological determinism. As Potter and Sarre (1974, p. 485), caution that, in reaction to the changes taking places amongst today’s youth, there is evidently an unmistakable tone of moral disapproval directed against cultural interval – that is, resistances to structural and normative adaptations occasioned by innovation. This is not new. Every generation expresses concern for the pace and nature of change, and questions whether change is driving society or society desires the changes wrought. In the meantime, the technological revolution will enable people’s lives to be easier, in ways such as social interaction, education, manufacturing, and so on. Withdrawing from the degree to which technology has shaped society will be very difficult, and likely to lead to large-scale economic chaos (Barrell and Fic, 2013). The rise in costs, for example, through slower communications or manual manufacturing methods, would result in an overwhelming, if temporary drain on the economy; nevertheless, given the decrease in fossil fuel availability, this may be a future that society needs to consider. Humans are highly adaptable, as the integration of change previously has demonstrated. There may be a social cost in this, as Thoreau (1854) speculated, but this flexibility has permitted societies of many different forms to flourish for millennia. The liberty for people discuss change, as Habermas (1989) has described, has expanded in the last three hundred years. Nevertheless, thinkers such as Thoreau and Habermas are prepared to question not only technological progress but change in its most elementary form. This is what will preserve humanity from self-destructive change. Many people may feel that teenagers are unwittingly ‘walking into’ self-destructive change through their eager acceptance of technology in every aspect of their lives (di Maggio et al., 2001). Whilst this may be a legitimate concern, it should also be borne in mind that teenagers are not merely being controlled by devices but are using devices to facilitate change – through social media. This was apparent during the ‘Arab Spring’ (Khondker, 2011), and was widely welcomed. Enthusiasm for technological progress typically involves technological determinism. As Potter and Sarre (1974, p. 485), caution that, in reaction to the changes taking places amongst today’s youth, ‘there is evidently an unmistakable tone of moral disapproval directed against cultural interval – that is, resistances to structural and normative adaptations occasioned by innovation. This is not new. Every generation expresses concern for the pace and nature of change, and questions whether change is driving society or society desires the changes wrought. The human willingness to use change meaningfully and self-reflect, it is hoped, will protect society from itself. 5. References Barrell, R. and Fic, T. (2013). Integration, globalisation, technology and trade patterns in the EU8. Research in Economics and Business: Central and Eastern Europe, 2(1), pp. 1-13. Beniger, J. (1989). The control revolution: Technological and economic origins of the information society. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Bennett, S. and Maton, K. (2010), Beyond the ‘digital natives’ debate: Towards a more nuanced understanding of students technology experiences. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 26(5), pp. 321-331. Coeckelbergh, M. (2012). â€Å"How I learned to love the robot†: Capabilities, information technologies, and elderly care. In Oosterlaken, I. and van der Hoven, J. (eds), The capability approach, technology and design. Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 77-86. Davies, C. and Eynon, R. (2013). Teenagers and technology. Hove: Routledge. De Tocqueville, A. (1835). Democracy in America: Volume I. [1990] New York: Vintage Books. Denning, P.J. and Metcalfe, RM. (eds) (1997). Beyond calculation: The next fifty years of computing. New York: Springer. DiMaggio, P., Hargittai, E., Neuman, W.R. and Robinson, J.P. (2001). Social implications of the internet. Annual Review of Sociology, 27, pp. 307-336. Griswold, W. (2012). Cultures and societies in a changing world (4th edn). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. Habermas, J. (1989). The structural transformation of the public sphere. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Khondker, H.H. (2011). Role of the new media in the Arab Spring. Globalizations, 8(5), pp. 675-679. Longo, G.O. (2010). Communication, technology, and the planetary creature. Communication, Capitalism Critique, 8(1), pp. 18-27. Oosterlaken, I. and van der Hoven, J. (eds) (2012). The capability approach, technology and design. Dordrecht: Springer. Potter, D. and Sarre, P. (eds) (1974). Dimensions of society: A reader. London: University of London Press/Open University Press. Thoreau, H.D. (1854). Walden; Or life in the woods. Boston: Ticknor and Fields. Weiser, M. and Brown, J.S. (1997). The coming age of calm technology. In Denning, P.J. and Metcalfe, R.M. (eds), Beyond calculation: The next fifty years of computing. New York: Springer, pp. 75-85. Winston, B. (1998). Media technology and society: a history: From the telegraph to the Internet. Abingdon: Psychology Press.